pregnancy diagnosis in ruminants
1 Introduction
Rectal palptation in small ruminants is of little value because of the size of the pool. (Wani, 1981). The tail artery monitoring bloatment, not return to oestrus, development and other tests udder had tried with little success (Wani and Sahni, 1980). The recent interest in early pregnancy 3rd Diagnosis of small ruminants is the academic and economic importance (Mellado, 2003). A zygote or embryo is transferred, if less high-quality rated on a surrogate mother (recipient) must be closely monitored and feminine design helps the early detection of repeated use of the possible. Proper management of pregnant animals also prevents embryonic losses. The safe method applied to both offspring and dam and must be applied to easily and cheaply. A review of the various methods and techniques for diagnosis of early pregnancy used in small ruminants. (Sheep and goats) is presented.
Early signs of pregnancy 0.2
2.1. The maintenance of a functional corpus luteum
It was obvious that the extended design life of the CL and the renewal and maintenance of a functional CL is initiated by the conceptus development. These signals ensure that maintaining the structural integrity of the CL. Corpus luteum produces progesterone, the uterine lining, which maintains a state of embryonic development approval process, fetal-placental implantation and development (Wani, 1984b). The formation and regression of the corpus luteum (CL) in sheep and goats Muzzaffarinagri Jamunapari WAS Monitor oestruous in 3 days intervals for an entire cycle. Laparotomy and laparoscopic procedures were used in these experiments.
The endometrium is subject to tissue remodeling. This change in the extracellular matrix (ECM) components necessary for successful implantation. Cytokines 8.18 and 19 have in goat endometrium during early pregnancy detected by immunofluorescence. Thus, the presence of these cytokines on about day 15 after conception, is a sign of pregnancy in goats.
The implantation in goats will begin at 18 days after mating. During this intensive phase of collagen type I staining was detected throughout the uterine caruncular stroma and intracaruncular. For embryonic endometrium with trophoblastic growths, the local control of protease activity is suggesting. (Guillomot, 1999).
The first signs of pregnancy is the non-cyclical regression of the CL, which can be observed through the following methods:
i. laparoscopy and laparotomy Approximately 18-25 days post mating. (Wani, 1982, 1988, 1984b, Wani & Buchoo, 1990, Wani & Buchoo, 1993, Cuellar et al, 1990, Wani et al, 2003).
ii. Higher Than serum progesterone values 1 ng / ml, eg 2 to 3 ng / ml (Wani, 1989; Shreif, 1997, Bosco et al, 2003, Al-Merestani et al, 1999, Zarkawiet et al, 1999). accurately predicted the diagnosis of pregnancy (100%) on the basis of serum progesterone P4 values at 17-19 days after mating.
iii. Some sheep pregnancy glycoproteins captured after the mating type of pregnancy in sheep. (Karen et al, 2003; Verberckmoes, et al, 2004) or the secretion of 17 and 22-24 K Da protein on day 17 conceptus after mating in the goat. (Guillomot et al, 1998).
iv. Non-return to estrus (Mellado, 2003)
Some of the other early pregnancy symptoms are detected by different methods are in Table 1
3 non-rejection of the early conceptus
Progesterone Maintains the lining of the uterus in a state that allows for embryonic development, placental implantation and fetal development. Details of foetomaternal relations have been described (Mufti, 1997, Mufti et al, 2000) are shown and illustrated 1bis 5th The presence of an early conceptus extended the lifespan of the corpus luteum. This pregnancy signals are secreted as proteins. (Heap et al, 1990). Some have identified these proteins as sheep Trophablast protein I (OTP-1) in sheep prevents the release of PGF2 alpha and Malthus Assists in the maintenance of the corpus luteum. In cyclic ewes (not pregnant) Are you affected by PGF2 alpha release in response to receptors with being in the uterine oxytocin. The eldest of pregnancy signal is detected by a significant decrease in endometrial oxytocin receptor numbers. The OTP-1 inhibit the synthesis of endometrial receptors for estrogen and oxytocin. Perhaps this prevented luteolysis and keeps the dominance of theuterus of progesterone, which is a prerequisite for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. . (Bretzlaft and Romano, 2001; Wani, 1996; cam Wing et al, 1988)
The expression of progesterone receptors (PR) in the uterus goats increased significantly during the period of peri-implantation and estrogen – (ER) receptors do not increase in relation to PR-Thurs, signal Malthus of non-rejection of the early conceptus. (Flores et al, 2001). Progesterone in the milk can be found early during fertilization and conception (cough et al, 1989).
Caprino-H type I antigen expression during peri-implantation and progesterone stimulate unregulated level P4. It can be a useful marker for uterine preparations for receiving and retaining the pregnancy in goats signal. (Powell et al, 2000). The goat’s pregnancy-related glycoprotein (PAG Ca) May the amniotic sac to help developers and is about 18-19 days post mating found. (Garbayo et al 2000). The endometrium is subject to modification of the small ruminant conceptus keep in gravid females. (Guillomot, 1999)
The dephosphorylated state of the goat uterine pregnancy myocin early May to help grow the amniotic sac. Changes in the expression of native myocin, Were myosin heavy chains (MHC) and myosin light chains (MLCS) were observed. (Kumar and Katoch, 1997).
For the development of the blastocyst, a proper uterine environment is essential. In addition to maintaining the corpus luteum and availability of progesterone production, which is non-rejection of the amniotic sac (blastocyst) is another key feature of this period. The embryo produce interferons (IFN-embryo). This embryo is homologous with IFN – interfersons and sheep trophoblast interferons (OTI) of the early pregnancy
(IFN-?).
OTP and OTP Purified recombinant (r-OTP) produced in yeast show antiviral activity, and these R-OTP and OTP inhibit the release of endometrial PGF2? . This helps in the non-regression of the CL and indirectly preserves the early conceptus. Intrauterine r OTP Administered at a dose of 340 mg / day for a week, you maintain the CL in cyclic ewes for a month or so. The inter-oestruos interval in 80% of the ewes was about a month or longer. This was at doses r-OTP as effective as 14-16 days old conceptus. OTP To Be immunosuppressive been in several in vitro and in vivo studies found. A test revealed a phytohemagglutinin Both OTP and OTP-r Be immunosuppressants. This was further demonstrated by the inhibitory effect of r-OTP in graft-versus-host disease. (GVH assays). Trophoblast interferons play a strategic role in the prevention of early pregnancy loss, as it inhibits CD + blastogenesis. The role of CD + cells and T-helper lymphocytes and would be delayed as a hyper-sensitivity + type mediators (DTHS) of these immunosuppressive OTP Explain. (Ileri et al, 1996, Karen et al, 2003; Wani, 1996).
Estrogen 3,4 – Pregesterone ratio (E: P ratio)
The role of oxytocin in the induction of uterine PGF2 alpha was discussed earlier. However, depends on the release of PGF2 by the action of oxytocin or is controlled by progesterone and estradiol. Stated that it was more ewes with a high E: P ratio luteolytic generate stronger signals in May Shown that there was low estradiol and high progesterone combined record for the largest sustained increase in oxytocin and PGF2 alpha after injection. Trophoblast interferons act locally on the uterine oxytocin receptors in sheep. (Karen et al, 2003) to suppress.
5 Maternal recognition of pregnancy
The maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep and cattle is centered around the production of type I trophoblast interferon x (Tinfos). This typhoon Then concentrations suppresses uterine oxytocin receptor (OTR). The oxytocin receptor (OTR) occupation of PGF2 alpha-induced oxytocin associated. The inhibition of OTR may pose the most important mechanism antiluteolytic the typhoon and secretion of bovine conceptus secretory proteins or recombinant interferon in the uterus to reduce OTR. Concentrations in intact and steroid-treated ewes ovarectionized. A relationship between the secretory vesicle proteins and metabolites and in the peripheral blood of the mother is present. (Mufti, 1996; Mufti et al, 2000). There are conflicting reports highlight the effect of estradiol on oxytocin receptor concentration. (Powell et al, 2000). Include trophoblast interferon day 14-17 after mating. The recognition of the mother’s pregnancy, while goat interferon was detected at day 18 post mating, pregnancy maintenance has Significantly absence of STI since taken over by the corpus luteum. Thus a very thin line exists between the maternal recognition of pregnancy and the maintenance or maintenance of the CL. (Gillomot et al, 1998).
6 The reliability of pregnancy tests
Various methods to predict correctly pregnancy in sheep and goats pregnancy while having summarized in Table 2 used cars. The accuracy varies from 70 to 100% with different ultrasound equipment. Various models and principles involved have been fully discussed (Wani, 1991, Wani et al, 1998) and <-! Next Page -> other methods of pregnancy detection during this phase, such as determining serum progesterone levels, vaginal cytology, laparotomy, estrone sulfate are summarized (Table 2). Various techniques have been examined in the assessment of the mid-pregnancy. The various signs of pregnancy
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Different researchers using ultrasound are summarized in Table 3. Recently, certain anatomical features of living in the developing conceptus has been reported in vivo. This is reviewed and a summary is available (Table 4). Various live like Fetal biparietal diameter measurements, amniotic vesicle diameter, radius and tibia lengths Fetal reviewed and presented (Table 5). Various pregnancy related images, histological sections and morphology of endometeruim Be you published recently (Wani et al, 2007, 2006 abc) Where are presented Figure 6-15
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